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Table of Contents
Human Health & Global Climate Change: A Review of Potential Impacts in the United States
Foreword ii
Executive Summary iii
I. Introduction 1
II. Status and Determinants of Health 4
A. Current Status Of Health in the United States 4
B. Global Health 6
C. Main Determinants of Human Health 7
D. Environmental Trends in the United States 8
A. Current Status Of Health in the United States 4
B. Global Health 6
C. Main Determinants of Human Health 7
D. Environmental Trends in the United States 8
III. Discussion of Health Impacts of Climate Change in the United States 10
A. Direct Health Effects 12
B. Indirect Health Effects 15
B. Indirect Health Effects 15
IV. Strengths and Limitations of the Current State of Knowledge 26
A. Issues Related to the Quality of the Scientific Literature 26
B. Lack of Baseline Data on Human Disease Incidence 27
C. Few Studies of Climate and Disease Interactions 28
D. Future Climate Change and Variability 28
E. Validity of Comparing Different Regions to Approximate Future
Climate Changes 28
F. Future Steps 29
B. Lack of Baseline Data on Human Disease Incidence 27
C. Few Studies of Climate and Disease Interactions 28
D. Future Climate Change and Variability 28
E. Validity of Comparing Different Regions to Approximate Future
Climate Changes 28
F. Future Steps 29
V. Gaps in Current Assessments 31
A. Consideration of Cross-Sectoral Political and Economic Impacts 31
B. Psychological Effects 32
C. International and Intranational Conflict and War 32
B. Psychological Effects 32
C. International and Intranational Conflict and War 32
VI. Research Needs in Climate Change and Health 33
A. Enhanced, Systematic, Long-Term Monitoring and Surveillance 33
B. Ecologically Based Research and Evaluation 34
C. Multidisciplinary Perspectives and New Analytic Techniques 34
D. Planning that Integrates Health Concerns into Economic Development 35
B. Ecologically Based Research and Evaluation 34
C. Multidisciplinary Perspectives and New Analytic Techniques 34
D. Planning that Integrates Health Concerns into Economic Development 35
VII. Conclusions 36
Endnotes 39
References 40